Analysis and Sources Identification of Atmospheric PM10 and Its Cation and Anion Contents in Makkah, Saudi Arabia

In this paper, atmospheric water-soluble cation and anion contents of PM10 are analysed in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. samples were collected at five sites for a whole year. concentrations (µg/m3) ranged from 82.11 to 739.61 Aziziyah, 65.37 421.71 Sanaiyah, 25.20 466.60 Misfalah, 52.56 507.23 Abdeyah, 40.91 471.99 Askan. Both daily annual averaged exceeded WHO Arabia national air quality limits. Daily concentration the limits 340 µg/m3, 32% time 8% 6% other three sites. On average, cations anions made 37.81% contribution concentrations. SO42−, NO3−, Ca2+, Na+, Cl− contributed 50.25%, 16.43%, 12.11%, 11.12%, 8.70% total ion concentrations, respectively. The minor ions (F−, Br−, Mg2+, NO2−, PO43−) just over 1% mass. Four principal components explained 89% variations major emission sources identified: (a) Road traffic, including exhaust, wear-and-tear, resuspension dust particles Mg+, Cl−, PO43−); (b) Mineral (Cl−, F−, (c) Industries construction–demolition work Mg2+); (d) Seaspray marine aerosols Na+). Future would include an analysis metal their spatiotemporal variability Makkah.